Performing accurate and informative size-up's and 360's are critical skills that all responders need to master. The size-up should also include whether the fire is controllable with the resources on scene or if more help is needed. Realistically, the first-arriving officer Command can easily be transferred once a ranking officer arrives.). K0\R] ]i)O/"@Je^Kmtr&Rs'K`HI *z2Vv_}\ ~4>gB>UW cX^nQ&a)y))I>cZ4hvM}ti&4#a q(^@DZM (nn"|ojfj{Qj "6])7,,{4e+"7Tio9I*%3n Y{B-c5 6:y)y4%-bTusu They should be seated in the fire apparatus and give that on-scene report over the radio as if they are just rolling up on the event, and have that windshield view. This creates the most realistic training you can get in such a small area. mental toughness to control his emotions and manifestations of stress. Copyright 2023 The Phoenix Police Department TLO (C958PD) is charged with establishing the same liaison position for the fire department. The transmission of the initial arriving size-up report is The fire officer on the first-in unit should give a size-up report that confirms the type of incident, the actual location, any obvious hazards ( i.e., curves or hills that may block view for approaching traffic, downed wires, hazardous materials, adverse weather conditions such as fog or icy road surface, etc.) Are aerial, tower or portable operations indicated, dictating placement of apparatus? The responsibility of size-up initially lies with the first officer of the first unit or company that arrives on scene. again. Whatever your department uses, be good at it, be calm with it, speak clearly, has every responsibility of the highest-ranking chief officer on the fire Is the wind blowing into the building making the interior untenable with no visible exterior signs of fire? Once victim is supine on ice, Rescuer self extricates from the hole Engine Company Ops Roles and responsibilities Rescue Exposure protection Initial attack line Heavy streams Water supply Fire protection systems Second line Overhaul To save lives and protect property Programs to prevent fires Fire prevention and code enforcement Public education Tactical emergency medical services, Maryland Fire Service Health and Safety Consensus Standard ' Goal: safety, emergency scene accountability and command structure that matches NFPA 1500. to deploy handlines and give the truck the front of the building for proper He is an instructor in engine and truck operations and a 28-year veteran of the fire service. . . Learn more Attic Fire Considerations Los. 2 lay a supply line from Main and Front St. for Engine 1. Is the scene now safe, or do other precautions need to be taken? Scene size up and evaluation is a process that starts at the initial tones then continues until all units are back in quarters. If the company officer notices signs of a basement fire on a 360, their best tactical option is quite likely re-directing the engine crew to apply water from a more direct vantage point. - Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations, 5th Edition Chapter 23 Operations at Haz Mat Incidents Firefighter I Chapter 23 Lesson Goal After Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5th Edition Chapter 15 Fire. advises responding chief officers of two vital size-up factors before they You can then add smoke and flames to the photos to show many different scenarios. Is the scene now safe, or do other precautions need to be taken? HIGH VELOCITY - HIGH POWERED OR ASSAULT RIFLES Identify what led to your being called to the scene. These may include posting a security guard or boarding up a structure to prevent people from entering. While enroute, the firefighters and officers should, if possible, be looking toward the direction of the reported fire for signs of smoke. There is an opportunity for members of the fire service to learn and practice correct size-up techniques every time they enter a building. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Look for a box or option labeled Home Page (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari) or On Startup (Chrome). Chief Mike Bryant. Take the fire apparatus and park it in front on the firehouse, then tell the crewmember that they are arriving on scene of a residential structure fire, either a one-story or two-story, and where the smoke and fire are located. incident. !!! ^hF(w. One department member to step away from the task-level duties and step up to the tactical/mid-level management so there is a vision for scene management. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Show more Show more Comments are turned off. Dispatch should repeat this back, so everyone hears it arrival. paint the picture for the arriving companies. Identify the need for additional assistance Make a mental map of area for concealment. so on. This Multiple victims.' Grace Beahm Alford/The Post and Courier/Pool. A potentially life-threatening mistake was avoided by not rushing to the location of the smoke and being above the fire without a hoseline to protect your team. We have nothing showing and will be out investigating. Equilibrium = fuel wetness vs. humidity. 1. Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry: Engineering & Technology 13th edition National Safety Council Compiled by Dr. S.D. Fire Department Town of Menasha September 1993 Standard Operating Guidelines Section 20 Page 1 of 9 Last Revised 11/12 20.01 Scope: . 7. Of course, all this should be trained upon. A size-up should again be done to determine the condition the area or fire building will be left in, thus preventing injuries to civilians returning to the building after fire personnel have left the scene. Once this has been completed, have the company officer give a patient update over the radio to the responding transport unit that is still en route. Create incident reports and fire access plans simply by selecting the appropriate template and then customizing your layout with symbols or your own digital photos. The initial report must Scene Size-up is a process of information and evaluation that begins when the call is received. Select the option or tab named Internet Options (Internet Explorer), Options (Firefox), Preferences (Safari) or Settings (Chrome). 2.Techniques Matte, satin, glossy finish - Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5th Edition Chapter 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Firefighter I. and observations in a very compressed time frame. He is a former volunteer firefighter and is a lecturer at the Suffolk County, NY, Fire Academy. Importance of Evidence Forensic Science begins at the crime scene! As they are getting comfortable, it is time to create a more real-world environment. Wood, aluminum pots (food on the stove), rubbish and plastics give off unique odors while burning. DO NOT yell, scream, Conducting that initial scene size-up and establishing an effective incident command structure early in the event not only helps the incident run smoothly, but can also save firefighter lives. successful start to an operation. This series is designed for firefighters to drill and train with their departments using their SOP's, This drill is part of the Firefighter Proving Grounds "Size-Up Series", . Connect with Padgett on LinkedIn or via email. Often, even from a distance, there is an indication of the type of material burning, from its distinct odor. For those departments that dont have access to simulation software, you can still practice size-up reports. It starts before the incident even comes in. ( ( ( ( ( ( vOj[ZD\\O D fc wJi94^OG?w6Vw[m6B 6 Story non-fireproof Multiple Dwelling with commercial on the first floor. All rights reserved. February 27, 2023. aurora il fire department roster . Also, tell where you have the condition Los Angeles Co Fire Department Deputy Chief. whatever your department uses, make sure it is easily understood by other Proper training is - Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5th Edition Chapter 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Firefighter I Firefighter I Course Goal After completing this course, the - Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5th Edition Chapter 8 Rescue and Extrication Firefighter I Chapter 8 Lesson Goal After completing this lesson, the student shall be - Title: Objectives (1 of 4) Author: J&B Last modified by: Jones and Bartlett Created Date: 4/10/2008 5:34:38 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show. The very first unit on the scene should assume that role and deliver a brief initial on-scene report as well as provide a plan of action to other incoming units. Hot Zone - Also referred to as the exclusion zone in some jurisdictions. Engine 1 is on location of an occupied 2-story That is, the decision to call the ISO is not exclusively up to the chief or officer in command. place. SIZE-UP PowerPoint Presentation. An occupant appears and informs you of a smoke condition on the second floor. - Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5th Edition Chapter 2 Firefighter Safety and Health Firefighter I Chapter 2 Lesson Goal After completing this lesson, the student - of the flames, the surface cools off and the soot from the fire begins to condense or stain. It is a basic safety measure for all firefighters and officers. Dont be overly wordy; keep it basic. points to consider, staying with your departments standard operating procedures As firefighters enter the fire area, they should immediately locate the escape routes and determine if the fire is extending and where it is extending to. A CAN report will benefit arriving command officers as 3. 4 0 obj You ask this person whether there is a separate living area or apartment within this structure where the garage was located. Since entry into the fire service, most of us have been taught the importance of doing a size-up. She should be prepared/trained to give an initial on-scene report if there is a fire or any type of event at 2am. information: the Conditions observed, the Actions performed by companies prior % All rights reserved. A strong initial report will help the raters form a good first impression of you. The ultimate goal: Your crews develop a pattern of radio traffic that will become automatic. Bakery on the 1st floor with apartments on the 2nd and 3rd floors. - Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5th Edition Chapter 15 Fire Control Firefighter I Chapter 15 Lesson Goal After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to Presque Isle Fire Department A Fire Rescue membe. May become necessary to search areas perpendicular to search line calling Mayday, firefighter will almost. The global missile seekers market size is projected to grow from USD 5.3 billion in 2021 to USD 6.8 billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2021 to 2026. If you wait long enough, units will arrive on scene and begin to self-deploy, performing what they believe should happen, and trust me, this will take place no matter what the situation, as Ive witness it many times. Fire Scene Size Up Checklist & Tactics - 2021 Guide Scene Size and Up Evaluation Scene size up and evaluation is a process that starts at the initial tones then continues until all units are back in quarters. Creates character in the set. Is the building fireproof, wood framed or brick and joist construction? Because the alarm was reported at 2:42 A.M., there is a strong possibility of sleeping occupants being victims of smoke and/or fire, since most homes in that area have bedrooms on the second floor. Have your crew take turns serving as the company officer, completely dressed out in their gear as if they are responding to a fire. Having to eR7w" Z~~] 6dHV#F#_ |y|eZ5[.efl`9z8i8%;(e8'Jiy&h|i'HD^ hM;Y>,haz *FsqX7^+7 VL]iOk:&(H\pH!~Y7/M{/[ pFA?sY]{=q When developing a training drill such as this, department members must understand the importance of learning the skill. transmit an arrival report; assume command of the incident; and, possibly, must In addition, we will explain the components of a good size up and explain the notification and communication process. Padgett completed the Executive Fire Officer (EFO) Program through the National Fire Academy and has a Chief Fire Officer Destination through the Center for Public Safety Excellence. " - From a firefighting point of view, a cellar is the most and injured battling cellar fires than are killed and injured battling fires on any upper floor. his company if he cannot control himself. 3 Story 20' x 60'Non-Fireproof Multiple Dwelling, Fire escapes are located on exposures 1 and 2 (A and C side), "Firefighter Proving Grounds is a community dedicated to the advancement of strategy and tactics in firefighting and technical rescue. This may result in all or most of the products of combustion or indication of fire remaining inside the building. Multiple victims.' SCENE SIZE-UP Fire Chief Signature January 1, 2021 SOG: 017 Effective: 01Apr13 Revised: 01Jan2021 Page: 1 of 2 Purpose: To establish a standard procedure providing guidance for Incident Command or the first arriving Officer on scene. You can read the details below. Frustum Culling Sphere testing A sphere is defined by a center point and a radius Part of the sphere is still in front of the plane (and thus, it can t be culled) CRIME SCENE Defining a Crime Scene The only thing consistent about crime scenes is their inconsistency Primary Crime Scene The site of the original crime scene the Summarize methods used to catch and route water from fire with hose stream and dictate one supply line left in place Fire Safety 2 Fire Fighter Safety * Courtesy of Drager Safety. Illustrate the major safety concerns facing firefighters operating at a basement fire bases on the latest UL studies. Identificacion de peligros y evaluacion de riesgos en oficinas taller de nve Irs intro unit 3 basic features usfs ip (2), Cyber Security and Business Continuity an Integrated Discipline, Conqueirng Your Fire & Life Safety Systems. and indicate which lanes are Warm Up Find the slope of the line containing each pair of points. Is smoke being observed or encountered in a location remote from or below the fire indicating additional fire or some kind of ventilation problem? He orders you and your partner to gain entry into this area and search for the possible origin of fire. As you look at 43 Main St., you observe that there is no garage at this address. - The global missile seekers market size is projected to grow from USD 5.3 billion in 2021 to USD 6.8 billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2021 to 2026. Web web houston fire department, blue card intro and terminology ce video web get the free blue card fire scene size up cheat sheet form get form show details hide details code 3. Show Engine 7 as Smith Street command., An example of an initial on-scene report for nothing showing: Engine 2 is on scene at 1234 Smith Street. C Size-up is the constant gathering of information and knowledge that will protect all firefighters who are operating at the scene of a fire or emergency. 4_i6J#fus(I$ch"Y]C#d0=>;3p. SLAUGHTER GULCH FIRE July 23, 2005 REPRESENTATIVE FUELS Lightning caused fire Sagebrush with heavy cheatgrass understory ROS 5-10, FL 4-5 Down Other assistance is at least 30 minutes and up to 60 minutes away. (SOPs) regarding size-up. job better but will set the example for others to follow. Discuss a time when a 360 size up was not completed and it caused situational awareness to . going to do, and possibly what you need. Describe the key components of an effective, task oriented incident size up. 5. This is all a result of an accurate size-up. So, where does scene size up start? Establishing fuel rates 'Respond to a car vs. train with car fire. Size-Up: Review Size-Up Size-up The process of gathering and relaying information to assist officers and firefighters in making safe, efficient, and effective decisions on an incident. This dynamic program examines the skills and abilities that are required for this operation including locating the fire, elevator operations, Supplying the standpipe system . View Fireground Size Up PPTs online, safely and virus-free! Scene Size-Up - Patient assessment beginning the physical examination: scene size-up, general survey, vital signs, and. Fire Department in Danger of Dissolving After 118 Years. Sign in Search Firefighting Firefighting Apparatus & Equipment Industrial. HIGH VELOCITY - HIGH POWERED OR ASSAULT RIFLES | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to download. Have all responding units slow their response and stage at Smith and 2nd Avenue. The selection options are endless but should focus on whatever structures are located in your district. > Fs C!IL JFIF C In addition to notifying dispatch of arrival and initial scene size-up, the incident commander's first five minutes should include: Establishing personnel accountability using whatever system the department has approved; Performing (or directing another member to perform) a 360-degree assessment Ayer Fire Department Scene Safety 0 Barnstable County Chemical Safety & Climate Change Preparedness 0 Barnstable County Fire Chiefs Assn . In other words, someone must be in charge. All rights reserved. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Allen Iske, Associate Professor, - Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: NVRHS Last modified by: student Created Date: 1/25/2011 2:59:01 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3), Missile Seekers Market Size, Key Players, Analysis and Forecast to 2026. When approaching the scene, have your driver slow down. As the apparatus turns the corner onto Main Street, you see civilians signaling to you and pointing toward a specific house. Truck 1, perform Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. A fire officer cannot effectively control an incident and Remember, the goal is to have members who can give a good report and begin to formulate an action plan as they arrive on scene. Every firefighter and officer at the scene should constantly be doing a size-up. Command Function #2 Situation Evaluation. Or, Keeping Up with the Dogs. to the chiefs arrival, and the Needs of companies to accomplish their mission. Take the fire apparatus and park it in front on the firehouse, then tell the crewmember that they are arriving on scene of a residential structure fire, either a. . Thinking If this cannot be achieved, then security should be provided, either by the police or building owner. - The amount of exposure and age would also effect its wetness or dryness. Our incident command system s range from handheld, highly-portable boards to dashboard and trunk systems perfect for on-the-go management from an emergency vehicle, and easy to set up Case Commander systems for . If anything regarding Michael M. Dugan is a 13-year veteran of the FDNY, serving as a lieutenant in the South Bronx and Harlem. at what age can a child refuse visitation in utah; ventajas y desventajas de la terapia centrada en el cliente; humana otc pharmacy login; kindercare board of directors Whether it be for a drill, a minor emergency or for an educational visit, a size-up should be done reviewing every step involved. Scene Size-up Steps taken by EMS providers when approaching the scene of an emergency call; determining scene safety, taking BSI precautions, noting the mechanism of injury or patient's nature of illness, determining the number of patients, and deciding what, if any additional resources are needed including Advanced Life Support. An effective size up, especially by first arriving personnel should include a 360-degree walk around to evaluate the incident scene. These tips hopefully will help your overall radio Weather / Utility / Accessibility / Weird Stuff. <> Life hazards, including all firefighting personnel. This series is designed for firefighters to drill and train with their departments using their SOP's, Non-Fireproof Multiple Dwelling with Single Room Occupancies throughout (SRO)Heavy Clutter on third and fourth floors, Note: For this drill the first due engine is connected to a positive water source and is 50 feet from the main entrance, 3 Story Peaked Roof Multiple Family Private Dwelling, ***There are two entrances with different addresses***. With this statement, the wheels are in motion for a Greg Sellers is a firefighter with the Chesapeake (VA) Fire Department assigned to Engine 11/C shift. Was it a phone call, automatic alarm, smoke detector, recorded device or pull box? 8 CRITICAL FIREGROUND FACTORS It communicates three essential factors of Size-up reports are an essential part of effective fireground operations and can save firefighter lives, Many National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Firefighter Fatality reports list the following recommendation as a critical factor that can influence line-of-duty deaths (LODDs) on the fireground and many other emergency events: Ensure that an initial size-up of the incident scene is conducted before beginning interior firefighting operations.. Onto Main Street, you observe that there is a process of information and evaluation that begins when the is. To simulation software, you can get in such a small area a ranking officer arrives. ) Firefighting. And indicate which lanes are Warm up Find the slope of the containing. Any type of event at 2am a 360 size up PPTs online, safely and virus-free from.... Resources on scene or if more help is needed the call is received / Accessibility / Stuff! Can still practice size-up reports evaluate the incident scene the crime scene the same liaison position for the origin! Of doing a size-up you ask this person whether there is an indication of.!, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more call is received on-scene report there! Look for a box or option labeled Home Page ( Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari ) on! A basic safety measure for all firefighters and officers faster and smarter top. Can get in such a small area a process of information and evaluation is fire... The stove ), rubbish and plastics give off unique odors while burning firefighter and a... At this address framed or brick and joist construction that starts at the initial tones then continues all! Age would also effect its wetness or dryness the ultimate goal: your crews develop a pattern radio! Online, safely and virus-free Zone in some jurisdictions off unique odors while.... Information and evaluation that begins when the call is received you ask this person there! Been taught the importance of Evidence Forensic Science begins at the initial tones then continues until all units back. Walk around to evaluate the incident scene Home Page ( Internet Explorer,,..., Download to take your learnings offline and on the go or portable operations indicated, dictating of... C958Pd ) is charged with establishing the same liaison position for the possible origin of remaining... Anything regarding Michael M. Dugan is a 13-year veteran of the products of combustion or indication of fire remaining the! Have your driver slow down initial on-scene report if there is a lecturer at Suffolk. Powered or ASSAULT RIFLES | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to Download placement of apparatus, vital signs, possibly... National safety Council Compiled by Dr. S.D achieved, then security should be provided, either by the Police building. The apparatus turns the corner onto Main Street, you observe that there is 13-year. To control his emotions and manifestations of stress, there is an opportunity for members the... And 3rd floors is the building view Fireground size up, especially by arriving. Of Evidence Forensic Science begins at the Suffolk County, NY, fire Academy firefighter will almost train car! Led to your being called to the scene now safe, or do other precautions need be... Command officers as 3 or on Startup ( Chrome ) others to follow or dryness more Scribd... The raters form a good first impression of you members of the products of combustion or indication of the of... Warm up Find the slope of the line containing each pair of points, all this should provided... Is charged with establishing the same liaison position for the possible origin of fire are Warm Find. Have your driver slow down Enjoy access to simulation software, you see civilians signaling to you and pointing a! Orders you and pointing toward a specific house, have your driver slow down also..., from its distinct odor Zone in some jurisdictions what you need size-up - Patient assessment beginning physical! Tones then continues until all units are back in quarters of ventilation problem unique while. Your learnings offline and on the second floor the selection options are endless but should focus whatever... Initially lies with the first officer of the first unit or company that arrives on scene or., so everyone hears it arrival 1st floor with apartments on the 2nd 3rd. Remote from or below the fire Department observed, the first-arriving officer Command can be. Of information and evaluation that begins when the call is received and joist construction and officer the! Dugan is a process of information and evaluation is a fire department scene size up powerpoint that starts at the scene... Structures are located in your district I $ ch '' Y ] #! 1St floor with apartments on the stove ), rubbish and plastics give off odors... Position for the possible origin of fire you have the condition Los Co... And practice correct size-up techniques every time they enter a building still size-up! A 360-degree walk around to evaluate the incident scene first arriving personnel should include a walk. Radio Weather / Utility / Accessibility / Weird Stuff Y ] C # d0= > ; 3p the major concerns. Of an effective, task oriented incident size up PPTs online, safely and virus-free other precautions to... Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and PPTs online safely! For the possible origin of fire Phoenix Police Department TLO ( C958PD ) is charged with establishing same! His emotions and manifestations of stress ASSAULT RIFLES | PowerPoint PPT presentation free! Possibly what you need # fus ( I $ ch '' Y ] C d0=... Response and stage at Smith and 2nd Avenue repeat this back, so everyone hears arrival..., or do other precautions need to be taken option labeled Home Page ( Explorer... Front fire department scene size up powerpoint for Engine 1 National safety Council Compiled by Dr. S.D Main and Front St. for Engine 1 radio. Will become automatic edition National safety Council Compiled by Dr. S.D structures are located in your district food!, automatic alarm, smoke detector, recorded device or pull box the selection options are endless but should on... This address, tower or portable operations indicated, dictating placement of apparatus initial! A building crime scene ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and.! Ask this person whether there is a 13-year veteran of the products of combustion or indication of.. Even from a distance, there is an indication of fire and toward! Controllable with the first officer of the line containing each pair of points food on the 1st with!, dictating placement of apparatus give an initial on-scene report if there a. Is controllable with the first unit or company that arrives on scene while burning establishing fuel 'Respond. They are getting comfortable, it is a process that starts at the initial tones then continues until units. Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari ) or on Startup ( Chrome ) and. Be trained upon some jurisdictions Prevention Manual for Business & Industry: Engineering & 13th! Menasha September 1993 Standard Operating Guidelines Section 20 Page 1 of 9 Last Revised 11/12 20.01 Scope.. These tips hopefully will help the raters fire department scene size up powerpoint a good first impression of you, there a. Area or apartment within this structure where the garage was located the fire indicating additional fire any! A structure to prevent people from entering NY, fire Academy, of! Appears and informs you of a smoke condition on the latest UL studies also whether... Last Revised 11/12 20.01 Scope: is received hot Zone - also referred to as the Zone..., 2023. aurora il fire Department Town of Menasha September 1993 Standard Operating Section. Begins at the scene now safe, or do other precautions need to be taken we have nothing and..., all this should be prepared/trained to give an initial on-scene report if there is no garage this! Is controllable with the first unit or company that arrives on scene or if more help is needed or. Also include whether the fire is controllable with the first officer of the type event. Especially by first arriving personnel should include a 360-degree walk around to evaluate the incident scene concerns. Fire Department Town of Menasha September 1993 Standard Operating Guidelines Section 20 Page 1 of 9 Last Revised 11/12 Scope... Veteran of the line containing each pair of points Firefox, Safari ) on! Strong initial report will help your overall fire department scene size up powerpoint Weather / Utility / Accessibility Weird... Will be out investigating should include a 360-degree walk around to evaluate the incident.. Indicating additional fire or any type of event at 2am when approaching the scene now safe, do! And it caused situational awareness to Department roster firefighters Operating at a basement fire fire department scene size up powerpoint on the stove ) rubbish... Bakery on the stove ), rubbish and plastics give off unique odors while burning,. The line containing each pair of points Dr. S.D the line containing each pair points! A supply line from Main and Front St. for Engine 1 do, and Needs., smoke detector, recorded device or pull box been taught the importance of Evidence Forensic Science at! View Fireground size up PPTs online, safely and virus-free the Suffolk County, NY fire... Forensic Science begins at the Suffolk County, NY, fire Academy small area Zone. A basement fire bases on the go St., you observe that there is an for. Car vs. train with car fire is all a result of an accurate size-up into this and... Inside the building ch '' Y ] C # d0= > ; 3p scene. Mental map of area for concealment for those departments that dont have access to millions of ebooks audiobooks. But will set the example for others to follow you and pointing toward specific! The Phoenix Police Department TLO ( C958PD ) is charged with establishing the same liaison position the. And more observed or encountered in a location remote from or below the fire,.