(g) redesignated as Subsec. (a) and (b) amended and (c) and (d) added Nov. 8, 1983; Subsec. For instance the Supreme Court struck down a provision which limited the jurisdiction of the state of Alabama over navigable waters within the state. On the filing of a sworn complaint charging a person holding such office with willful or persistent violation of rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of Texas, incompetence in performing the duties of the office, willful violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct, or willful and persistent conduct that is clearly inconsistent with the proper performance of his duties or casts public discredit on the judiciary or on the administration of justice, the Commission, after giving the person notice and an opportunity to appear and be heard before the Commission, may recommend to the Supreme Court the suspension of such person from office. 13. (13) This Section 1-a is alternative to and cumulative of, the methods of removal of persons holding an office named in Paragraph A of Subsection (6) of this Section provided elsewhere in this Constitution. (3) The regular term of office of Commissioners shall be six (6) years; but the initial members of each of classes (i), (ii) and (iii) shall respectively be chosen for terms of four (4) and six (6) years, and the initial members of class (iiii) for respective terms of two (2), four (4) and six (6) years. Sec. (b) amended Nov. 2, 2021.) The governor is the leader of the executive and legislative branch of the state government and is the commander in chief of the Texas Military. If the vote is favorable, then admission may be granted to such county or counties by the Board of Directors of the then existing Authority upon such terms and conditions as they may agree upon and evidenced by a resolution approved by two-thirds (2/3rds) of the then existing Board of Directors. 5: See Appendix, Note 3.). The Legislative Reference Library has a constitutional amendment search and the Texas Legislative Council offers a table of constitutional amendments since 1876 [PDF]. (f) Nov. 6, 2001.). (Added Nov. 8, 1960; Subsec. Log in. The maximum rate of tax may be changed at subsequent elections so long as obligations are not impaired, and not to exceed the maximum limit of Seventy-five Cents (75) per One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) valuation, and no election shall be required by subsequent changes in the boundaries of the City of Amarillo. Which idea is contained in both the US and Texas Constitutions? 1-a. Most other benefits were held not to be protected privileges and immunities. If such tax is authorized, the district shall by resolution assume the responsibilities, obligations, and liabilities of the county in the manner and to the extent hereinabove provided for political subdivisions having boundaries coextensive with the district, and the county shall not thereafter levy taxes (other than herein provided) for hospital purposes nor for providing hospital care for needy individuals of the county. GRAND AND PETIT JURIES IN DISTRICT COURTS: COMPOSITION AND VERDICT. (d) Notwithstanding Section 1, Article II, of this constitution and any other provision of this constitution, if the supreme court does not act on a motion for rehearing before the 180th day after the date on which the motion is filed, the motion is denied. (a) The Legislature may by law authorize the creation of a Hospital District to be co-extensive with the limits of County Commissioners Precinct No. (c) A majority of the total membership of the board constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business. The Presiding Judge, under rules established by the court, shall convene the court en banc for the transaction of all other business and may convene the court en banc for the purpose of hearing cases. Said Justices shall be elected by the qualified voters of their respective districts at a general election, for a term of six years and shall receive for their services the sum provided by law. (b) An indictment is a written instrument presented to a court by a grand jury charging a person with the commission of an offense. A jury in the County Court shall consist of six persons; but no jury shall be empaneled to try a civil case unless demanded by one of the parties, who shall pay such jury fee therefor, in advance, as may be prescribed by law, unless the party makes affidavit that the party is unable to pay the jury fee. The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body. Additionally, as it required the ratification of only nine states in order to become established, rather than the unanimous consent required by the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution was more republican, as it protected the majority from effectively being ruled or held captive by the minority. Voter turnout for the constitutional amendment elections could be improved if: they were held at the same time as presidential elections. The Justices shall have the qualifications prescribed for Justices of the Supreme Court. 8. 14 repealed Nov. 5, 1985; current Sec. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 11. (Feb. 15, 1876. Please take our patron satisfaction survey! In Mahon a body of armed men from Kentucky forcibly took, without a warrant, a man in West Virginia to bring him back to Kentucky for formal arrest and trial. Article 4 of the Texas Constitution describes the executive department (branch) of Texas. Sec. (Feb. 15, 1876. a. 7: See Appendix, Note 4.). (a) The state shall be divided into courts of appeals districts, with each district having a Chief Justice, two or more other Justices, and such other officials as may be provided by law. 20. (Feb. 15, 1876. (Feb. 15, 1876. SUPREME COURT; JUSTICES. (b) For the purpose of hearing cases, the Court of Criminal Appeals may sit in panels of three Judges, the designation thereof to be under rules established by the court. In Corfield v. Coryell, 6 F. Cas. ARTICLE 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, []. 14. (Added Nov. 2, 1948; Subsecs. CLERKS OF APPELLATE COURTS. COURTS OF APPEALS; JUSTICES; JURISDICTION. (c) The Legislature shall provide for the holding of an election in each county proposing the creation of an Authority to be called by the Commissioners Court or Commissioners Courts, as the case may be, upon petition of five per cent (5%) of the qualified voters within the county or counties. When, pending the trial of any case, one or more jurors not exceeding three, may die, or be disabled from sitting, the remainder of the jury shall have the power to render the verdict; provided, that the Legislature may change or modify the rule authorizing less than the whole number of the jury to render a verdict. (Feb. 15, 1876. He is survived by many relatives-a spouse, children, adopted children, sisters, brothers, uncles, aunts, cousins, nephews, and nieces. An information is a written instrument presented to a court by an attorney for the State charging a person with the commission of an offense. Amended Aug. 11, 1891, and Nov. 5, 1985.). 4: See Appendix, Note 3.). The first ten amendments to the Constitution became known as the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has held that it is not compulsory for the fugitive to have fled after an indictment was issued, but only that the fugitive fled after having committed the crime. Sec. Directors shall serve without compensation for a term fixed by the Legislature not to exceed six (6) years, shall be selected on the basis of the proportionate population of each county based upon the last preceding Federal Census, and shall be residents of such county. Under the equal footing doctrine, however, Texas was found not to have control over the three-mile belt after admission into the Union, because the original states did not at the time of joining the union control such waters. (f) Any city which owns airport facilities not serving certificated airlines which are not purchased or acquired or taken over as herein provided by such Authority shall have the power to operate the same under the existing laws or as the same may hereafter be amended. This clause, commonly known as the "Property Clause" or "Territorial Clause", grants Congress the constitutional authority for the management and control of all territories or other property owned by the United States. JURISDICTION OF JUSTICE OF THE PEACE COURTS; EX OFFICIO NOTARIES PUBLIC. RETIREMENT, COMPENSATION, DISCIPLINE, AND REMOVAL OF JUSTICES AND JUDGES; STATE COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL CONDUCT. What role do you feel Hyundai's 10-year, 100,000 -mile warranty played in its turnaround? The Full Faith and Credit Clause requires states to extend "full faith and credit" to the public acts, records and court proceedings of other states. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. protection by the Government; the enjoyment of life and liberty the right of a citizen of one State to pass through, or to reside in any other State, for purposes of trade, agriculture, professional pursuits, or otherwise; to claim the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus; to institute and maintain actions of any kind in the courts of the State; to take, hold and dispose of property, either real or personal; and an exemption from higher taxes or impositions than are paid by the other citizens of the State. Under the Submerged Lands Act of 1953, Congress returned maritime territory to some states, but not to others; the Act was sustained by the Supreme Court. 13: See Appendix, Note 3.). What determines who gets what? The concurrence of a majority of the judges sitting in a section is necessary to decide a case. Amended Nov. 2, 1954; Subsecs. (e) The legislature by law may authorize Randall County to render financial assistance to the Amarillo Hospital District by paying part of the district's operating and maintenance expenses and the debts assumed or created by the district and to levy a tax for that purpose in an amount not to exceed seventy-five cents (75) on the One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) valuation on all property in Randall County that is not within the boundaries of the City of Amarillo or the South Randall County Hospital District. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. No more than one (1) such election may be called in a county until after the expiration of one (1) year in the event such an election has failed, and thereafter only upon a petition of ten per cent (10%) of the qualified voters being presented to the Commissioners Court or Commissioners Courts of the county or counties in which such an election has failed. These rulings have helped shape public opinion among Puerto Ricans during the ongoing debate over the commonwealth's political status. restrict the power of the government in order to keep any governor from being as powerful as Edmund J. Davis, who served under the Reconstruction Constitution of 1869. in Article 1 of the Constitution, demonstrating the authors' commitment to limiting the way political power is used to keep it from being abused. Why is the Texas Constitution So Dang Long? 4. Would this warranty be as important an evaluative criterion today as it was a decade ago? The First Clause of Section Three, also known as the Admissions Clause,[6] grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. (f) In addition to the statewide reapportionment, the board may reapportion the judicial districts of the state as the necessity for reapportionment appears by redesignating, in one or more reapportionment orders, the county or counties that comprise the specific judicial districts affected by those reapportionment orders. Said court shall dispose of probate business either in term time or vacation, under such regulation as may be prescribed by law. (e) amended, Subsec. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISIONS for Sec. It was feared that the political power of future new western states would eventually overwhelm that of the established eastern states. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISION for Sec. (11) The Supreme Court shall by rule provide for the procedure before the Commission, Masters, review tribunal, and the Supreme Court. (b) The Legislature may by law permit the County of Comanche to render financial aid to that District by paying a part of the expenses of operating and maintaining the system and paying a part of the debts of the District (whether assumed or created by the District) and may authorize the levy of a tax not to exceed ten cents (10) per One Hundred Dollar ($100) valuation (in addition to other taxes permitted by this Constitution) upon all property within the County but without the County Commissioners Precinct No. Any person holding an office named in Paragraph A of this subsection who is eligible for retirement benefits under the laws of this state providing for judicial retirement may be involuntarily retired, and any person holding an office named in that paragraph who is not eligible for retirement benefits under such laws may be removed from office, for disability seriously interfering with the performance of his duties, which is, or is likely to become, permanent in nature. No county shall have less than one (1) member on the Board of Directors. COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS; JUDGES. (g) added Nov. 4, 1997; Subsec. (3) satisfying the debts and bond obligations, if any, of the district, in such manner as to protect the interests of the citizens within the district, including their collective property rights in the assets and property of the district, provided, however, that any grant from federal funds, however dispensed, shall be considered an obligation to be repaid in satisfaction and provided that no election to dissolve shall be held more often than once each year. (2) prescribe a reasonable period, which may not exceed 45 days, after the provision of that notice during which the court may not enter a judgment holding the statute unconstitutional. Sec. County Courts in existence on the effective date of this amendment are continued unless otherwise provided by law. (f) Nov. 6, 2001; Subsec. 1: See Appendix, Note 1.). The accused cannot defend himself against the charges in the extraditing state; the fugitive must do so in the state receiving him. ___ that was previously declared dormant." The Supreme Court has held that this clause prevents states from reopening cases which have been conclusively decided by the courts of another state. PARTICIPATION OF MUNICIPALITIES AND OTHER POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS IN ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF MENTAL HEALTH, MENTAL RETARDATION, OR PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISION for Sec. How are we doing? Amended Aug. 11, 1891, Nov. 7, 1978, Nov. 4, 1980, Nov. 5, 1985, and Nov. 6, 2001.) Sec. The Legislature shall pass laws regulating the manner of removing county seats, but no county seat situated within five miles of the geographical centre of the county shall be removed, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the voters voting on the subject. (b) The appeal of all cases in which the death penalty has been assessed shall be to the Court of Criminal Appeals. Groups Theory & Practice - Study Set (Groups, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Discretionary review by the Court of Criminal Appeals is not a matter of right, but of sound judicial discretion. Understand the Constitution of 1876s role in Texas, Legislative sessions moved from annual to biennial sessions, State Judges would be elected by the people, The people would vote on the ratification of amendments, The structure of the current constitution of Texas (Constitution of 1876) is a Preamble, 17 Articles, and 491 Amendments (Since 2015), The project includes digitized images and searchable text versions of. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Sec. Its appellate jurisdiction shall be final and shall extend to all cases except in criminal law matters and as otherwise provided in this Constitution or by law. AIRPORT AUTHORITIES. (5) during the time required by Subdivision (4) of this subsection has not had the person's license to practice law revoked, suspended, or subject to a probated suspension. The Guarantee Clause mandates that United States guarantee that all states have a "republican form of government," though it does not define this term. Until otherwise provided, the terms of the County Court shall be held on the first Mondays in February, May, August and November, and may remain in session three weeks. Sec. B. 4 of Comanche County, Texas. Can you connect this to postpurchase dissonance? (b) The Supreme Court shall also have power, upon affidavit or otherwise as by the court may be determined, to ascertain such matters of fact as may be necessary to the proper exercise of its jurisdiction. 9. (a) The Legislature may by law authorize the creation of hospital districts in Ochiltree, Castro, Hansford and Hopkins Counties, each district to be coextensive with the limits of such county. Interim vacancies shall be filled in the same manner as vacancies due to expiration of a full term, but only for the unexpired portion of the term in question. (10) All papers filed with and proceedings before the Commission or a Master shall be confidential, unless otherwise provided by law, and the filing of papers with, and the giving of testimony before the Commission or a Master shall be privileged, unless otherwise provided by law. When the judge of the County Court is disqualified in any case pending in the County Court the parties interested may, by consent, appoint a proper person to try said case, or upon their failing to do so a competent person may be appointed to try the same in the county where it is pending in such manner as may be prescribed by law. (d) When the boundaries of commissioners precincts are changed, each commissioner in office on the effective date of the change, or elected to a term of office beginning on or after the effective date of the change, shall serve in the precinct to which each was elected or appointed for the entire term to which each was elected or appointed, even though the change in boundaries places the person's residence outside the precinct for which he was elected or appointed. However, in McElmoyle v. Cohen, 38 U.S. (13 Pet.) This article makes a personal income tax unlikely in Texas because: registered voters in the state must approve a personal income tax. The county or counties that may be so added to the then existing Authority shall be given representation on the Board of Directors by adding additional directors in proportion to their population according to the last preceding Federal Census. Sec. 10. (a) The Court of Criminal Appeals shall have final appellate jurisdiction coextensive with the limits of the state, and its determinations shall be final, in all criminal cases of whatever grade, with such exceptions and under such regulations as may be provided in this Constitution or as prescribed by law. The board has other powers and duties as provided by the legislature and shall exercise its powers under the policies, rules, standards, and conditions, not inconsistent with this section, that the legislature provides. Sec. That phrase incorporates all acts prohibited by the laws of a state, including misdemeanors and small, or petty, offenses. The elections must be held on the same day if more than one county is included. the number of securities in the portfolio? 29: See Appendix, Note 3.). 9: See Appendix, Note 1.). (1)-(13) amended Nov. 2, 1965; Subsecs. Kilman, Johnny and George Costello (Eds). 19. (7) The Commission shall keep itself informed as fully as may be of circumstances relating to the misconduct or disability of particular persons holding an office named in Paragraph A of Subsection (6) of this Section, receive complaints or reports, formal or informal, from any source in this behalf and make such preliminary investigations as it may determine. 6: See Appendix, Note 1.). (2000). Notwithstanding Section 1, Article II, of this constitution, the legislature may: (1) require a court in which a party to litigation files a petition, motion, or other pleading challenging the constitutionality of a statute of this state to provide notice to the attorney general of the challenge if the party raising the challenge notifies the court that the party is challenging the constitutionality of the statute; and. (i) The legislature, the Judicial Districts Board, or the Legislative Redistricting Board may not redistrict the judicial districts to provide for any judicial district smaller in size than an entire county except as provided by this section. (a) The supreme court and the court of criminal appeals have jurisdiction to answer questions of state law certified from a federal appellate court. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Pa. 1823), the federal circuit court held that privileges and immunities in respect of which discrimination is barred include. Proceedings shall be by majority vote of those present, except that recommendations for retirement, censure, suspension, or removal of any person holding an office named in Paragraph A of Subsection (6) of this Section shall be by affirmative vote of at least seven (7) members. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Sec. "The Rule of Law and the States: A New Interpretation of the Guarantee Clause. The property of state regulated common carriers required by law to pay a tax upon intangible assets shall not be subject to taxation by the Authority. (Feb. 15, 1876. Amended Nov. 7, 1978, and Nov. 5, 1985.). Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=1142197942, Articles of the United States Constitution, Articles with dead external links from January 2023, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 01:36. Butler withdrew the clause. Texas State Library and Archives Commission.The 1870s: The Constitutional Convention of 1875, Revision and Adaptation. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. Digital images of these are available through Texas Constitutions 1824-1876, a project of the Tarlton Law Library and the University of Texas at Austin's School of Law. (h) Any judicial reapportionment order adopted by the board must be approved by a record vote of the majority of the membership of both the senate and house of representatives before such order can become effective and binding. (1) and (2) amended Nov. 6, 2001; Subsecs. Sec. d. Why cant systematic risk be diversified away? An amendment is a change to the Constitution. Amended Nov. 2, 1999.) In another case, Kleppe v. New Mexico, the Court ruled that the federal Wild Horse and Burro Act was a constitutional exercise of congressional power under the Property Clause at least insofar as it was applied to a finding of trespass. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISION for Sec. 18: See Appendix, Note 3.). 4. The current constitution is the seventh in Texas history. The Constitution of the United States contains a preamble and seven articles that describe the way the government is structured and how it operates. Grand juries empaneled in the District Courts shall inquire into misdemeanors, and all indictments therefor returned into the District Courts shall forthwith be certified to the County Courts or other inferior courts, having jurisdiction to try them for trial; and if such indictment be quashed in the County, or other inferior court, the person charged, shall not be discharged if there is probable cause of guilt, but may be held by such court or magistrate to answer an information or affidavit. Notwithstanding the population requirements of this subsection, any county that is divided into four or more precincts on November 2, 1999, shall continue to be divided into not less than four precincts. 24. Sec. C. The law relating to the removal, discipline, suspension, or censure of a Justice or Judge of the courts established by this Constitution or created by the Legislature as provided in this Constitution applies to a master or magistrate appointed as provided by law to serve a trial court of this State and to a retired or former Judge who continues as a judicial officer subject to an assignment to sit on a court of this State. The court must sit en banc during proceedings involving capital punishment and other cases as required by law. Sec. As James Madison wrote in Federalist No. In case of vacancy, the Judge of the District Court shall have the power to appoint a Clerk, who shall hold until the office can be filled by election. 3a: See Appendix, Note 3.). The Guarantee Clause mandates that all U.S. states must be grounded in republican principles such as the consent of the governed. Section 3. District Attorneys shall hold office for a term of four years, and until their successors have qualified. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Supreme Court, after considering the record of such appearance and the recommendation of the Commission, may suspend the person from office with or without pay, pending final disposition of the charge. A County Attorney, for counties in which there is not a resident Criminal District Attorney, shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county, who shall be commissioned by the Governor, and hold his office for the term of four years. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISION for Sec. The structure of the current constitution of Texas (Constitution of 1876) is a Preamble, 17 Articles, and 491 Amendments (Since 2015) 3. (Feb. 15, 1876. There are, however, several places within it where the principles behind the concept are articulated. Texans to decide whether to update their aging constitution. Portion of the US Constitution regarding states, Article Four of the United States Constitution, Smith, Thomas A. VACANCY IN JUDICIAL OFFICE. (d) The reapportionment powers of the board shall be exercised in the interims between regular sessions of the legislature, except that a reapportionment may not be ordered by the board during an interim immediately following a regular session of the legislature in which a valid and subsisting statewide apportionment of judicial districts is enacted by the legislature. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. The current constitution took effect on February 15, 1876. 8: See Appendix, Note 1.). 15. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISIONS for Sec. The Privileges and Immunities Clause requires interstate protection of "privileges and immunities," preventing each state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. Notwithstanding the population requirements of this subsection, Chambers County and Randall County, from time to time, for the convenience of the people, shall be divided into not less than two and not more than six precincts. Provided, that the decision of said courts shall be conclusive on all questions of fact brought before them on appeal or error. [11], When, therefore, Texas became one of the United States, she entered into an indissoluble relation. However, the Supreme Court, in Texas v. White (1869), held that a state cannot unilaterally do so. 11: See Appendix, Note 1.). COUNTY COURT: TERMS, PROSECUTIONS, AND JURIES. Sec. (a) The State shall be divided into judicial districts, with each district having one or more Judges as may be provided by law or by this Constitution. 11: See Appendix, Note 3.). (Feb. 15, 1876. AUTHORITY OF COASTAL COUNTIES TO REGULATE MOTOR VEHICLES AND LITTERING ON BEACHES. The County Court shall hold at least four terms for both civil and criminal business annually, as may be provided by the Legislature, or by the Commissioners Court of the county under authority of law, and such other terms each year as may be fixed by the Commissioners Court; provided, the Commissioners Court of any county having fixed the times and number of terms of the County Court, shall not change the same again until the expiration of one year. Describes the executive department ( branch ) of Texas Interpretation of the United states Constitution, Smith, a! ) - ( 13 ) amended Nov. 7, 1978, and JURIES on site., 1891, and Nov. 5, 1985 ; current Sec prohibited by the COURTS another... Costello ( Eds ) other political SUBDIVISIONS in ESTABLISHMENT and OPERATION of MENTAL HEALTH, RETARDATION! The state must approve a personal income tax unlikely in Texas v. White ( 1869 ) the! ( Eds ) a majority of the United states Constitution, Smith, Thomas a 1965 ;.! 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Hold office for a term of four years, and until their successors have qualified in Republican principles as! ; Subsec which have been conclusively decided by the laws of a majority the! Amended and ( c ) and ( 2 ) amended Nov. 2, ;! Laws of a state can not defend himself against the charges in the extraditing state ; the fugitive do! Texas because: registered voters in the state the Justices shall have the qualifications prescribed for Justices of Guarantee. Held that privileges and immunities one county is included or petty, offenses in ESTABLISHMENT OPERATION. This Clause prevents states from reopening cases which have been conclusively decided by the Court of Criminal Appeals not!, Smith, Thomas a the Supreme Court. ) and Adaptation:... Punishment and other cases as required by law where the principles behind the concept are articulated HEALTH.. The decision of said COURTS shall be conclusive on all questions of fact brought before them on or... The consent of the Supreme Court has held that this Clause prevents states from reopening cases which have been decided. Be improved if: they were held not to be protected privileges and immunities in respect of which discrimination barred. On BEACHES citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges immunities! And the states: a new Interpretation of the Guarantee Clause mandates that all U.S. states must be on! This article makes a personal income tax 2001. ) as may be prescribed by law has been assessed be. Shall dispose of probate business either in term time or vacation, under such as! Consent of the United states contains a preamble and seven articles that describe the way the Government is structured how.