Overweight and obesity was the leading risk factor contributing to non-fatal burden (living with disease), and the second leading risk factor for total burden, behind tobacco use (AIHW 2021). ABS (2019) National Health Survey 201718, customised report, ABS, Australian Government, accessed 1 February 2019. 1Annual cost per person, by weight status in 20042005, General weight status using body mass index (BMI), Abdominal weight status using waist circumference (WC), Combined weight status using both BMI and WC*. Obesity rates were the underlying reason for this difference (38% compared with 24% respectively) (Figure 3). Obesity. Indirect costs are estimated by the average reductions in potential future earnings of both patients and caregivers. These data provide an opportunity to use the more robust bottom-up approach, which collects cost data from individuals and extrapolates the cost to society, to assess the costs of overweight and obesity. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85050354237&partnerID=8YFLogxK. Separately acquired intangible asset at cost with cost comprising the purchase price (including import duties, non-refundable purchase taxes and trade discounts and rebates) and any cost directly attributable to preparing the asset for its intended use (e.g. A BMI of 25.029.9 is classified as overweight but not obese, while a BMI of 30.0 or over is classified as obese. Children are particularly susceptible to these limitations and have difficulty taking into account the future consequences of their actions. The 20072008NHS reported similar BMI-based rates for adults aged 25years: normal, 34.1%; overweight, 39.1%; and obese, 26.9%.13. In 2017-18, 2 in 3 (67%) Australians aged 18 and over were overweight or obese (36% were overweight but not obese, and 31% were obese). Limitations: Participants included in this study represented a healthier cohort than the Australian population. As there were some differences in mean age for each weight group and because older people generally accumulate higher health costs, the large sample size made it possible to compare age- and sex-matched participants in four weight categories. Investments in Intangible Assets and Australia's Productivity Growth Staff working paper. While BMI does not necessarily reflect body fat distribution or describe the same degree of fatness in different individuals, at a population level BMI, is a practical and useful measure for monitoring overweight and obesity. Costing data were available for 4,409 participants. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2022) Overweight and obesity, AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 02 March 2023. BMI is calculated by dividing a persons weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres. Based on BMI, 31.6% were normal weight, 41.3% were overweight and 27.0% were obese. title = "The cost of diabetes and obesity in Australia". 2000). Tangible costs represent expenses arising from such things as purchasing materials, paying employees or renting . 0000044263 00000 n accepted. Of all children and adolescents aged 217, 17% were overweight but not obese, and 8.2% were obese. The relatively small sample of people with both obesity and diabetes prevented a more detailed analysis by obesity class. 0000059786 00000 n Age- and sex-adjusted costs per person were estimated using generalized linear models. Similarly, the prevalence of obesity increased from 4.9% in 1995 to 7.5% in 200708 then remained relatively stable to 201718 (8.1%). The intangible cost is estimated at $1,200 averaged across all incidents, and $110 million overall. The cost of overweight and obesity to Australia was estimated by multiplying the prevalence of each by the number of people aged 30years in the 2005Australian population12 and the annual cost per person. Rice DP. John Spacey, December 07, 2015. Additional expenditure as government subsidies ranged from $5,649 per person with normal weight and no diabetes to $8,085 per person with overweight and diabetes. Intangible costs are those that may be associated with the illness, such as social and family dysfunction, trauma or other problems resulting from the mental disorder. 0000002027 00000 n Productivity and the Structure of Employment, Productivity in Australia's Wholesale and Retail Trade, Productivity in Electricity, Gas and Water: Measurement and Interpretation, Productivity in Financial and Insurance Services, Productivity in Manufacturing: Measurement and Interpretation, Productivity in the Mining Industry: Measurement and Interpretation, Prudential Regulation of Investment in Australia's Export Industries, Public Infrastructure Financing: An International Perspective, Quality of Care in Australian Public and Private Hospitals, Quantitative Modelling at the Productivity Commission, Quantitative Tools for Microeconomic Policy Analysis. This report highlights the impact obesity has on our economic, social, cultural and environmental well-being. programs. 0000060476 00000 n In general, direct costs and government subsidies were higher for overweight and obesity compared to normal weight, regardless of diabetes status, but were more noticeable in the diabetes sub-group. Australia's Productivity Surge and its Determinants, Australia's Restrictions on Trade in Financial Services, Australia's Service Sector: A Study in Diversity, Australian Atlantic Salmon: Effects of Import Competition, Australian Gas Industry and Markets Study, Australian Manufacturing Industry and International Trade Data 1968-69 to 1992-93, Authorisation of the National Electricity Code, Better Indigenous Policies: The Role of Evaluation, Beyond the Firm - An assessment of business linkages and networks in Australia, Building Excellence in Health Care in a Changing Environment, Business Failure and Change: An Australian Perspective. Overweight and obesity refer to excess body weight, which is a risk factor for many diseases and chronic conditions and is associated with higher rates of death. These excess costs varied according to how weight was defined and were highest for those with both BMI- and WC-defined overweight and obesity, whose annual total direct costs were $1374higher per person than for normal-weight individuals. Main outcome measures: Direct health care cost, direct non-health care cost and government subsidies associated with overweight and obesity, defined by both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The sample size of this group was too small to provide meaningful results when subdivided by weight status. Tangible costs are direct and obvious expenditures, while intangible costs are less clear and quantifiable. Age- and sex-adjusted costs per person were estimated using generalized linear models. Thats around 12.5 million adults. In general, AusDiab survey questions on the use of health services and health-related expenditure were for the previous 12months. See Overweight and obesity among Australian children and adolescents for more information. (2017). Another study found that average annual medical care costs for adults with obesity was $2,505. For those who are overweight or obese, losing weight and/or reducing WC is associated with lower costs. 0000044873 00000 n Additional overweight and obesity data are reported in 2 other AIHW products: Overweight and obesity in Australia: a birth cohort analysis and An . National research includes the: National Health Survey - surveyed close to 21,000 people about various aspects of their health; Please use a more recent browser for the best user experience. In 2005, 12.1million adults in Australia were aged 30years.12 Based only on BMI, the total direct cost in Australia in 2005for overweight or obese people aged 30years was $18.8billion (95% CI, $16.9$20.8billion) $10.5billion for the overweight ($7.8billion direct health and $2.7billion direct non-health) and $8.3billion for those who were obese ($6.6billion direct health and $1.7billion direct non-health). See Burden of disease. Weight gain was associated with increased costs, and weight loss with a reduction in direct costs but not government subsidies. Conclusion: The total annual direct cost of overweight and obesity in Australia in 2005was $21billion, substantially higher than previous estimates. Costs associated with overweight and obesity are likely to be even higher than our estimates because comprehensive data on indirect costs were not collected in this study. In Ireland, prices have risen by about 800% in that period, driven by rises in Dublin in particular. The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration (2016) Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents, The Lancet, 388(10046):776786, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1. WHO (World Health Organization) (2000) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. 0000033198 00000 n 0000037558 00000 n For Australians aged 18 and over, after adjusting for age differences, 70% of adults living in Outer regional and remote areas and 71% in Inner regional areas were overweight or obese, compared with 65% in Major cities (Figure 3). Prices in Sydney, Australia, have risen by 1,450% (compared to hourly wage increases of 480% ). Obesity is more common in older age groups 16% of adults aged 1824 were obese, compared with 41% of adults aged 6574. Government subsidies included payments for the aged pension, disability pension, veteran pension, mobility allowance, sickness allowance and unemployment benefit. In 201718, a higher proportion of Australian children and adolescents aged 217 living in Inner regional areas were overweight or obese, compared with those living in Major cities (29% and 23% respectively). Data were available for 6140participants aged 25years at baseline. This graph shows the changing distribution of BMI over time in adults aged 18 and over. The cost of each medication for 12months was calculated, taking into account the strength and daily dosage, except antibiotics and medications used as required, which were assigned the cost of a single packet of medication. 0000049093 00000 n Performance Reporting Dashboard (external website), Commissioners and Associate Commissioners, Productivity Commission Act (external link), A Comparison of Gross Output and Value-added Methods of Productivity Estimation, A Comparison of Institutional Arrangements for Road Provision, A Duty of Care for the Protection of Biodiversity on Land, A Guide to the IAC's Use of the ORANI Model, A Model of Investment in the Sydney Four and Five Star Hotel Market, A Plan for Development of Nationally Comparable School Student Learning Outcomes through Establishment of Equivalences between Existing State and Territory Tests, A Rationale for Developing a Linked Employer-Employee Dataset for Policy Research, A 'Sustainable' Population? This is the first Australian study on the direct costs associated with both general and abdominal overweight and obesity. Methods: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study collected health service utilization and health-related expenditure data at the 20112012 follow-up surveys. Combined with direct costs, this results in an overall total annual cost of $56.6billion. 0000033146 00000 n Based on BMI only, the annual total direct cost per person increased from $1710(95% CI, $1464$1956) for those of normal weight to $2110(95% CI, $1887$2334) for the overweight and $2540(95% CI, $2275$2805) for the obese (Box1). Of these costs, the Australian Government bears over one-third (34.3% or $2.8 billion per annum), and state governments 5.1%. 2]. One study suggested that abdominally overweight or obese people with a normal BMI have higher health care costs than those with a normal WC but BMI-defined overweight or obesity.17 We also observed this for annual total direct cost for abdominal overweight and obesity (Box3). Obesity is one of the leading risk factors for premature death. 0000033470 00000 n In 201718, 1 in 4 (25%) children and adolescents aged 217 were overweight or obese (an estimated 1.2 million children and adolescents). SiSU Health (2020) Health of a Nation 2020, SiSU Health, accessed 2 March 2022. In addition to the expenditures you directly incur to achieve an outcome such as introducing a new product, your business also may experience changes in its overall worth due to consequences such as damage to employee morale. The health services utilisation and health expenditure data collected from each participant allowed the use of the more robust bottom-up analytical approach. It was estimated that in 2019 the total cost of obesity in Australia was around 23.7 billion U.S. dollars, or about 1.7 percent of Australia's GDP at that time. But the underlying causes are complex and difficult to disentangle. In 2019, out of 22 OECD member countries, Australia had the 6th highest proportion of overweight or obese people aged 15 and over. The Obesity Collective was established to transform the way Australia thinks, acts and speaks about obesity. [11] An older, but a more expansive estimate of overweight and obesity, including both direct and indirect costs indicated the annual cost of obesity in Australia at $56.6 billion. In 1995, more adults had a BMI in the normal or overweight range compared with adults in 201718. Costing data were available for 4,409 participants. Reform and the Distribution of Income - An Economy-wide Approach, Regulating Services Trade: Matching Policies to Objectives, Regulation and the Direct Marketing Industry, Resource Movements and Labour Productivity, an Australian Illustration: 1994-95 to 1997-98, Response to the NCC's Draft Recommendation on Declaration of Sydney Airport, Responsiveness of Demand for Irrigation Water: A Focus on the Southern Murray-Darling Basin, Restrictions on Trade in Distribution Services, Restrictions on Trade in Education Services: Some Basic Indexes, Restrictions on Trade in Professional Services, Review of Approaches to Satisfaction Surveys of Clients of Disability Services, Review of Australia's Hazardous Waste Act, Review of Patient Satisfaction and Experience Surveys Conducted for Public Hospitals in Australia, Review of Pricing Arrangements in Residential Aged Care, Review of the Export Market Development Grants Scheme, Review of the Licensing Regime for Securities Advisers, Review of the Wheat Marketing Act 1989 - Supplementary submission, Role of Economic Instruments in Managing the Environment. When combined definitions (based on BMI and/or WC) were used, 24.7% were normal, 32.4% were overweight and 42.9% were obese. Methods: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study collected health service utilization and health-related expenditure data at the 20112012 follow-up surveys. The proportion of adults with a waist circumference associated with a substantially increased risk of chronic conditions was higher in women than men (46% of women and 36% of men). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework, Indigenous Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Clearinghouse, Regional Insights for Indigenous Communities, Australian Centre for Monitoring Population Health, Click to open the social media sharing options, A picture of overweight and obesity in Australia, Overweight and obesity in Australia: a birth cohort analysis, An interactive insight into overweight and obesity in Australia. ABS (2018b) Self-reported height and weight, ABS website, accessed 20 December 2021. The AusDiab study, co-coordinated by the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, gratefully acknowledges the generous support given by: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC grant 233200); Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing; Abbott Australasia; Alphapharm; AstraZeneca; Bristol-Myers Squibb; City Health Centre, Diabetes Service, Canberra; Diabetes Australia; Diabetes Australia Northern Territory; Eli Lilly Australia; Estate of the Late Edward Wilson; GlaxoSmithKline; Jack Brockhoff Foundation; Janssen-Cilag; Kidney Health Australia; The Marian & EH Flack Trust; Menzies Research Institute; Merck Sharp & Dohme; New South Wales Department of Health; Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services; Novartis Pharmaceuticals; Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals; Pfizer; Pratt Foundation; Queensland Health; Roche Diagnostics Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney; Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi-Synthelabo; South Australian Department of Health; Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services; Victorian Department of Human Services; and the Western Australian Department of Health. This website needs JavaScript enabled in order to work correctly; currently it looks like it is disabled. Obesity rates in the United States have tripled since the 1960s and doubled since the 1980s. 0000062965 00000 n The Australian subsidiary paid out $363 million in royalty and software license fees in 2020, which were equivalent to 75% of the company's annual operating costs. Medline and Web of Science searches were conducted to identify published studies from 1992 to present that report indirect costs by obesity status; 31 studies were included. 39% of adults in the world are overweight. keywords = "Diabetes, direct cost, financial burden, government subsidies, obesity". Costing data were available for direct health and non-health care costs and government subsidies. Excess weight (obesity) is associated with many health conditions including Type 2 diabetes, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, several common cancers, osteoarthritis, sleep apnoea and reproductive abnormalities in adults. Most of the costs of obesity are borne by the obese themselves and their families. The total excess annual direct cost due to overweight and obesity (above the cost for normal-weight individuals) was $10.7 billion. Governments need to consider a range of issues in addressing childhood obesity. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/overweight-and-obesity, Overweight and obesity. As with most reports,4 costs associated with overweight (BMI, 2529.9kg/m2) were not calculated. N2 - Aims: To assess and compare the direct healthcare and non-healthcare costs and government subsidies by body weight and diabetes status. Overweight and obese individuals also received $35.6billion (95% CI, $33.4$38.0billion) in government subsidies. Results: The annual total direct cost ranged from $1,998 per person with normal weight to $2,501 per person with obesity in participants without diabetes. Obese=BMI 30.0kg/m2 and/or WC 102cm for men, 88cm for women. Applying this to the 2005Australian population, the total excess direct cost was $10.0billion for those with both BMI- and WC-defined overweight and obesity, $190million for those with only BMI-defined overweight and obesity, and $475million for those with only WC-defined overweight and obesity. Productivity Growth in Australia: Are We Enjoying a Miracle? However, emerging research suggests that COVID-19 might have had an impact on the weight of some Australians. 0000015500 00000 n As significant as this amount is, . In 201718, 2 in 3 (67%) Australians aged 18 and over were overweight or obese (36% were overweight but not obese, and 31% were obese). BMI, 18.524.9kg/m2 and WC 94cm in men, 80cm in women. The obese also consume a disproportionate share of medical services, which, equity considerations aside, adds to the costs of our public health system. The indirect co While the prevalence of obesity may have levelled off since the mid 1990s, it is still widely considered to be too high. Types of costs: direct, indirect and intangible 5 Approaches for estimating costs: prevalence-based and incidence-based 5 Perspectives of cost-of-illness studies: health system, individual, and society 5 Measuring disease burden: quality-adjusted life year and disability-adjusted life year 6 Measuring intangible costs: human capital and . 2015. abstract = "Aims: To assess and compare the direct healthcare and non-healthcare costs and government subsidies by body weight and diabetes status. Intangible risks are those risks that are difficult to predict and often outside the control of the investors. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework, Indigenous Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Clearinghouse, Regional Insights for Indigenous Communities, Australian Centre for Monitoring Population Health, Click to open the social media sharing options, Impacts of COVID-19 on overweight and obesity, Overweight and obesity: an interactive insight, Overweight and obesity among Australian children and adolescents, Determinants of health for Indigenous Australians, A picture of overweight and obesity in Australia, Overweight and obesity in Australia: an updated birth cohort analysis, Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: interactive data on risk factor burden. Healthcare costs attributable to obesity have not yet been estimated for countries elsewhere in Asia and the Pacific. The data presented are the latest national statistics available on measured overweight and obesity, based on the ABS NHS. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. %PDF-1.7 % 0000017812 00000 n See Determinants of health for Indigenous Australiansfor information on overweight and obesity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. If the cost of lost wellbeing is included the figure reaches $58.2 billion. This risk increased with age (peaking at 57% of men aged 6574, and 65% of women aged 7584) (ABS 2018a). For those with diabetes, total direct costs were $2,353 per person with normal weight, $3,263 per person with overweight, and $3,131 per person with obesity. There is only limited evidence of interventions designed to address childhood obesity achieving their goals. This paper analyses the issue of childhood obesity within an economic policy framework. 21RU-005 Cloud computing arrangement costs - Updated 2021 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global organisation of independent member firms . This was largely due to an increase in obesity rates, from almost 1 in 5 (19%) in 1995 to just under 1 in 3 (31%) in 201718. The complex nature of the problem suggests that policies need to be carefully designed to maximise cost-effectiveness, and trialled, with a focus on evidence gathering, information sharing, evaluation and consequent policy modification. Limitations: Participants included in this study represented a healthier cohort than the Australian population. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2022 [cited 2023 Mar. Cost was lower in overweight or obese people who lost weight or reduced WC compared with those who progressed to becoming, or remained, obese. *Normal=BMI, 18.524.9kg/m2 and WC <94cm for men, <80cm for women. The relatively small sample of people with both obesity and diabetes prevented a more detailed analysis by obesity class. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2023. 0000021645 00000 n In 201718, obesity rates for children and adolescents aged 217 were 2.4 times as high in the lowest socioeconomic areas (11%) compared with the highest socioeconomic areas (4.4%). 105 0 obj <> endobj xref 105 45 0000000016 00000 n Increased abdominal circumference is also associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic problems. NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council) (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults, adolescents and children in Australia, NHMRC, accessed 7 January 2022. ->'e 8;Qt%LNK$2R# J>Hg`f3N6si?Gr7ON=]OzU>^nf %_oW:;]xIKHtZF ]O*8kO*f89fAEC+:05..vA )A"p5xl| BIq;a9' ]1F~fx@Vy %q l?150E. Costs for overweight or obese people who lost weight and/or reduced WC were about 30% lower than for those who remained obese. To calculate your BMI and see how it compares with other Australian adults, enter your height and weight into the. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 517 rose from 20% in 1995 to 25% in 200708, then remained relatively stable to 201718 (25%) (Figure 1). 0000027068 00000 n Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM and Dietz WH (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey, British Medical Journal, 320:1240, doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240. Overweight=BMI, 25.029.9kg/m2 and/or WC, 94101.9cm for men, 8087.9cm for women. Unit costs for 20162017 were used where available or were otherwise inflated to 20162017 dollars. Obesity Australia. The annual costs per person for direct health care, direct non-health care and government subsidies were calculated by weight status in 20042005and by weight change between 19992000and 20042005. In 2005, the total direct cost for Australians aged 30years was $6.5billion (95% CI, $5.8$7.3billion) for overweight and $14.5billion (95% CI, $13.2$15.7billion) for obesity. It was linked to 4.7 million deaths globally in 2017. The report called for an excise tax of 40 cents per 100 grams of sugar on non-alcoholic, water-based beverages that contain added sugar. Please enable JavaScript to use this website as intended. It identifies various stages in the development of the web site, and sets out whether costs incurred by the entity during the various development stages and the operation of the web site can be included in the cost of the web site as an intangible asset. 0000043013 00000 n The total cost of sexual assault is estimated to be $230 million, or $2,500 per incident. Limitations: Participants included in this study represented a healthier cohort than the Australian population. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, physical measurements (including height, weight and waist circumference) were not taken at the time of the NHS 202021, the most recent NHS. There is financial incentive at both individual and societal levels for overweight and obese people to lose weight and/or reduce WC. The intangible costs of overweight and obesity in 2018 amount to 42,450 and 13,853 euros, respectively. Indirect costs are estimated by the averaged reduced future earnings of both patients and caregivers. They can therefore often be difficult to recognise and measure. For general weight status according to BMI, normal weight was defined as 18.524.9kg/m2; overweight as 25.029.9kg/m2; and obese as 30.0kg/m2.11 For abdominal weight status according to WC, normal was defined as <94cm for men and <80cm for women; overweight as 94101.9cm for men and 8087.9cm for women; and obese as 102cm for men and 88cm for women.11 Ethnic-specific WC cut-off points were not used because 94% of participants were born in Australia, New Zealand, Europe or North America, and there were only limited data on ethnicity in the AusDiab cohort. A picture of overweight and obesity in Australia. In addition, overweight and obesity are associated with other costs, including government subsidies and indirect costs associated with loss of productivity, early retirement, premature death and carer costs. ABS (2015) National Health Survey: first results, 201415, ABS website, accessed 7 January 2022. Extending Patent Life: Is it in Australia's Economic Interests? See Rural and remote health. A waist circumference above 88 cm for women and above 102 cm for men is associated with a substantially increased risk of chronic conditions (WHO 2000). the social costs of obesity. BMI=body mass index. Overall, the cost of cannabis use was estimated at $4.5 billion: $4.4 billion in direct tangible costs, including through crime and criminal justice, hospital and other health care costs, reduced . T1 - The cost of diabetes and obesity in Australia. Additional expenditure as government subsidies ranged from $5,649 per person with normal weight and no diabetes to $8,085 per person with overweight and diabetes. 0000043611 00000 n One study in 2005estimated the annual direct health cost of obesity as $1.1billion,14 while another estimated the cost to the health system as $873million.2 This difference is likely to be due to different methodology, as our study used a bottom-up approach, whereas previous studies used a top-down approach. 9. In 201718, Australians aged 18 and over, after adjusting for age differences, in the lowest socioeconomic areas were more likely to be overweight or obese than those in the highest socioeconomic areas: 72% compared with 62%. the extent that they relate to the accounting for intangible assets: (a) AASB 1010 Recoverable Amount of Non-Current Assets as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 657, 24 December 1999; (b) AASB 1011 Accounting for Research and Development Costs as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 99, 29 May 1987; Social, cultural and environmental well-being direct cost, financial burden, government subsidies, obesity and diabetes prevented more. Weight and diabetes status % in that period, driven by rises in Dublin in particular both and! 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Investments in intangible Assets and Australia & # x27 ; s Productivity Growth in 's... ) was $ 2,505 the Pacific 00000 n Age- and sex-adjusted costs per person were using. Across all incidents, and $ 110 million overall 18 and over n as significant as this is! Of 480 % ) average annual medical care costs and government subsidies 217, 17 % were obese of assault. The first Australian study on the ABS NHS see how it compares with other adults! On measured overweight and obesity ( above the cost for normal-weight individuals ) was $ 10.7 billion is associated both! The Figure reaches $ 58.2 billion is disabled measured overweight and obesity ( above the of. In intangible Assets and Australia & # x27 ; s Productivity Growth Australia... Issues in addressing childhood obesity $ 38.0billion ) in government subsidies by body weight and diabetes.. Paper analyses the issue of childhood obesity in intangible Assets and Australia & x27... 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